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2845H. 1002/grl. 50502. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ "Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis. ramsar. Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ "UN Live United Nations Web TV - Search Results for "President of Nigeria, General Assembly" - Nigeria – President Addresses General Debate, 73rd Session". ^ Gouby, Mélanie (24 September 2020). "Chad halts lake's world heritage status request over oil exploration". The Guardian.
The lake is the remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad, which existed during the African humid period. At its largest, sometime before 5000 BC, Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes, and is estimated to have covered an area of 1, 000, 000 km2 (390, 000 sq mi), larger than the Caspian Sea is today, and may have extended as far northeast as within 100 km (62 mi) of Faya-Largeau. [16][17] At its largest extent the river Mayo Kébbi represented the outlet of the paleolake Mega-Chad, connecting it to the Niger River and the Atlantic. [18] This lowest point on the basin's rim now stands at about 320 meters above sea level, meaning that even if Lake Chad were to refill to its largest extent it would still be at the most only about 50 meters deep. The presence of African manatees in the inflows of Lake Chad is an evidence of the overflow history, since the manatee is otherwise only in rivers connected to the Atlantic Ocean (i.
Others model anthropogenic sulfate emissions in the later 20th century and conclude that these could also be the cause of rainfall patterns shifting farther south, thereby making the region drier and not allowing the lake to replenish. The implementation of new regulations concerning air pollutants may be responsible for the small increase of the lake size in recent years.
[42] Neighboring countries have agreed to commit resources to restoring the lake, notably Nigeria. [43][44] The CIMA (Canada) proposed project can be used as an inland waterway, as it uses the same water flow (100 m3/s) as the Moscow Canal. Local impact[edit] A town on the shores of Lake Chad The dwindling of the lake has had devastating impacts on Nigeria.
no. Retrieved 14 June 2021. ^ Umar, I. A., (2018): Modelling of water cycle regime of Lake Chad using GIS and remote sensing for decadal periods. Unpublished BSc Project. University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ^ United Nations 2007. ^ AllAfrica 2012. ^ Room 1994. ^ English–Kanuri Dictionary, Norbert Cyffer ^ Kanuri Wordlist, Kùlúwù ^ Kanuri Wordlist, Njîkúrà ^ Drake & Bristow 2006, pp. 901, 910. ^ Stewart 2009, Chapter: Dead and dying seas.
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There are two near-endemic birds in the region, the river prinia (Prinia fluviatilis) and the rusty lark (Mirafra rufa). The shrinking of the lake is threatening nesting sites of the black-crowned crane (Balearica pavonina pavonina). During the wet season, fish move into the mineral-rich lake to breed and find food. Carnivores such as the Central African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) and the caracal (Felis caracal) used to inhabit areas surrounding the lake. [31] Threats and preservation[edit] There is some debate over the mechanisms causing the lake's disappearance. The leading theory, which is most often cited by the UN, is that the unsustainable usage of the lake by both governments and local communities has caused the lake to be over-used, not allowing it to replenish. [32] A number of other theories exist, including sea surface temperature changes between the hemispheres or in the Indian Ocean leading to oceanic forcing of rainfall patterns in the Sahel region.
The Lake Chad flooded savannas surround the lake, including permanently and seasonally-flooded grasslands, savannas, and woodlands. Because Lake Chad is very shallow—only 10. 5 metres (34 ft) at its deepest—its area is particularly sensitive to small changes in average depth, and consequently it also shows seasonal fluctuations in size. Lake Chad has the Bahr el-Ghazal outlet, but its waters percolate into the Soro and Bodélé depressions.
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[3] By 2000, its extent had fallen to less than 1, 500 km2 (580 sq mi). A 2001 study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research blamed the lake's retreat largely on overgrazing in the area surrounding the lake, causing desertification and a decline in vegetation. [24] The United Nations Environment Programme and the Lake Chad Basin Commission concur that at least half of the lake's decrease is attributable to shifting climate patterns.
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Farmers and herders want the water for their crops and livestock and are constantly diverting the water, [48] while the lake's fishermen want water diversion slowed or halted in order to prevent continuing decline in water levels resulting in further strain on the lake's fish. [49] Furthermore, populations of birds and other animals in the area are threatened, including those that serve as important sources of food for the local human population.
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Retrieved 13 February 2018. Sources[edit] Braun, David (February 2010). "Lake Chad to be fully protected as international wetlands". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Chapman, Graham; Baker, Kathleen M. (1992). The changing geography of Africa and the Middle East. Routledge. CNN (18 June 2007). "Climate change and diminishing desert resources".
Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ Damilola Oyedele (11 May 2017). "The dwindling lake". D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ^ Voice of America 2009. ^ Hogan 2009. ^ "Lake Chad: Inhabitants adapt to lower water levels". sciencedaily. com. Retrieved 31 May 2017. ^ "Case study on river management: Lake Chad".
The climate is dry most of the year, with moderate rainfall from June through September. History[edit] Lake Chad gave its name to the country of Chad. The name Chad is claimed to be derived from the Kanuri word "Sádǝ", said to mean "large expanse of water", [12] however, the Kanuri dictionary by Norbert Cyffer [13] implies that this may simply be a phonetic derivation of the name Chad since no such word exists in the Kanuri language that explicitly means 'lake' or 'large body of water', as the Kanuri words kùlúwù (lake, river)[14] and njîkúra (sea, ocean)[15] bear no resemblance.
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Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ "Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad". Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ "Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria". Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ "Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad". Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ "Remnants of Chad Lake, Chad, February 2015 | GRID-Arendal". www. grida.
[33] The only protected area is the Lake Chad Game Reserve, which covers half of the area next to the lake that belongs to Nigeria. The whole lake has been declared a Ramsar site of international importance. [34] Speaking at the United Nations 73rd General Assembly, the President of Nigeria urged the international community to assist in combatting the root causes of conflict surrounding the Lake Chad Endorheic basin. Recent violence in the region has been attributed to competition between farmers and herders seeking irrigation for crops and watering of herds respectively. [35] In September 2020, in order to explore oil and mining opportunities in the region, Chad's tourism and culture minister wrote to UNESCO, the body which awards the world heritage designation, asking to "postpone the process of registering Lake Chad on the world heritage list".
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Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ Pearce 1991. ^ Umolu 1990, pp. 218–262. ^ Chapman & Baker 1992. ^ Umolu 1994, Section X. ^ Voice of America 2008. ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 May 2020. ^ "Africa's vanishing Lake Chad". Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ "Nigeria Contributes $5m to Restore Receding Lake Chad, Articles – THISDAY LIVE". Archived from the original on 11 September 2014.
UNEP blames human water use, such as inefficient damming and irrigation methods, for the rest of the shrinkage. [25] As late as December 2014, Lake Chad was still sufficient in size and volume such that boats could capsize or sink. The European Space Agency has presented data[26] in 2013 showing an actual increase in lake extent of Lake Chad between the years of 1985 to 2011. [27] Referring to the floodplain as a lake may be misleading, as less than half of Lake Chad is covered by water through an entire year. The remaining sections are considered wetlands. Lake Chad's volume of 72 km3 (17 cu mi)[3] is very small relative to that of Lake Tanganyika (18, 900 km3 (4, 500 cu mi)), and Lake Victoria (2, 750 km3 (660 cu mi)), African lakes with similar surface areas. Flora[edit] The lake is home to more than 44 species of algae.
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Retrieved 13 March 2009. Coe, Michael T. ; Foley, Jonathan A. (2001). "Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the Lake Chad basin". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D4): 3349–3356. Bibcode:2001JGR... 106. 3349C. 1029/2000JD900587. Drake, Nick; Bristow, Charlie (2006). "Shorelines in the Sahara: geomorphological evidence for an enhanced monsoon from palaeolake Megachad" (PDF). The Holocene. 16 (6): 901–911.
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